Differences of Fordism and Post-Fordism - 1494 Words

Discuss Differences Between Fordism and Post-Fordism Work In 1913, Henry Ford had an assembly line built in his Detroit plant where T-Ford cars were manufactured. This marked the beginning of a new era in production called Fordism. It was a pattern of industrial organisation and employment policy that occurred in the early twentieth century. Its high point was the period after the Second World War. This essay will be describing the main principles of Fordism, post-Fordism, their advantages and limitations. It will also discuss the break-up of Fordism and argue that it was inevitable for such an organisation of work to fail. Moreover it will offer some insights into consequences of post-Fordism and its impact on people’s personal and†¦show more content†¦There were also new firms, trying to expand their market share, who offered new and most importantly, customised goods. Demand became more unstable and fragmented. With lower productivity as a result of workers’ resistance and lower profits and investments as well as changes in demand, it came to the point, in late 1960s, when Fordism started to break up. A new era, called neo- or post-Fordism in the industrial organisation of work started to take the place of Fordism. Post-Fordism can be defined as â€Å"a pattern of industrial organisation in which skilled and trusted labour is used continuously to develop and customise products for small markets.† This new era was based on the extensive developments in information technology and microelectronics. Companies started using new machines that were multi purpose and it was easy and economical to switch from making one product to another. This was possible due to developments in computer-controlled programmes. This flexible technology gave rise to flexible specialisation, one of the main signs of post-Fordism. â€Å"It combines the capability of the new technology with the idea of a fundamental shift in the nature of the market in late twentieth-century industrial society.† Products changed dramatically. Producers started emphasising quality over quantity. It can be said that the importance has shifted fromShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Pioneer And Motor Industry Icon1353 Words   |  6 PagesFordism is a concept that is named after Henry Ford, a well-known industrial pioneer and motor industry icon. Fordism is based around the idea of industrialized and standardised form of mass production. It is related to the idea of mass consumption and is based on the idea that if it is made in a larger quantity then the price to produce these products can be reduced. This could then possibly provide an opportunity to gain a larger market. Understanding Fordism and the scientific management conceptRead MoreThe Need for An Adequate Evaluation of Organization Behavior 1596 Words   |  7 Pagesbehaviour is needed. This essay is going to analyse the application of a critical model of thinking to studying organizational behaviour. It is going to do so by first setting clear definitions of key terms, describing generally Taylorism, Fordism and Post-Fordism and then proceeding with analysis of different examples. These examples would relate to the above mentioned organizational behaviour theories and the relationships between them. As a result of the analysis a summary is to be drawn focusingRead MoreFordism: Spawning New Management Styles Essay2772 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction. In this essay the focus is on Henry Ford and Fordism. The first paragraph of the essay is an introduction of Fredrick W Taylor, and how Fordism is derived from the ideas of Taylorism. It also looks at the main ideas behind Fordism and scientific management. Further in the essay the importance is to look at the different ideas of Fordism (the mass-production, the $5 day, the division of labour and management style), and on why it was important at is time and the effect following fromRead MoreHow Has the World of Work Changed in Post-Fordism Era3142 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction Capitalism is a political, social and economic system subject to periodic instability, change and the like which influences the business world in many ways. The Post-Fordism era in broaden sense is generic description of Capitalism period which mainly is characterised by flexible production of non-standardized, better-quality goods embracing adaptability of production processes in harmony with the unpredictable nature of markets to meet customers’ satisfaction. The changes made in notionRead MoreNike s Recent `` Equality Campaign `` Commercial Of A Sporting Event Space1664 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Nike â€Å"equality campaign† commercial highlights how post-Fordist ideals of individualism can intersect with Slavoj Ã… ½iÃ… ¾ek’s concepts of cultural capitalism and commodity fetishism. The post-Fordism era is a phrase used to describe consumer society in America. Post-Fordism, which is occurring today, is understood as being an era after the traditional Fordism time frame that lasted from the 1880’s to the 1970’s (Lecture 6). Notably, Fordism was originally coined due to Henry Ford, the founder ofRead MoreFordism Detailed and Referenced6927 Words   |  28 Pages‘Fordism’ in Warner, M. amp; Poole M. (eds.) International Encyclopaedia of Business and Management - Handbook of Human Resource Management FORDISM 1. Overview 2. Introduction 3. Fordism as a Labour Process 4. Fordism as Socio-economic System 5. Post-Fordism 6. Conclusion 1. Overview At its very simplest level, Fordism refers to the production methods utilised by Henry Ford in his car assembly plants at River Rouge and Highland Park in Detroit in the firstRead MoreBattery Nanotechnology Essay3779 Words   |  16 Pagesmethod for selling. This will improve the process. Open innovation can lesser the risk, but its very expensive. The Closed Innovation generates, develops and commercializes. In closed innovation, price saving is the main the purpose. The main difference between open and closed innovation is how the companies display the ideas. The management and the researchers will separate the awful proposals from the accurate ones. The closed and open models are skilled in separating the false positives. InterestinglyRead MoreImpact of Taylorism and Fordism on Management2026 Words   |  9 Pagesefficiency along with deskilling and dehumanisation of workers. Fordism was another school named after Henry Ford after spending much devising ways improving productivity of automobile companies ,especially Ford Motor Company. However, the term was popularised by the italian Antonio Gramsci in 1930s. Ford applied most of Taylor’s ideas but concentrated on standardised mass production and mass consumption. What followed was the Post-fordism which is prevalent today characterised by use of technologyRead Mor eFredrick W. Taylor Ideas in Todays Organisation2487 Words   |  10 Pagesmanagement is being divorced from human affairs and emotions. Similarly, Fordism s mechanisation of mass production further emphasised the use of humans as instruments or machines to be influenced by their leaders (Fuchs, 2002). Hence, by Ford s successful mass-production processes, Fordism s combination and emphasis on the scientific methods in getting things done. Despite Fordism borrowing many Taylorism ideas, Fordism includes strong hierarchical control, with workers in a production lineRead MoreSocial Issues Within The Arena1360 Words   |  6 Pagescentury. The economy of the 1940s-1950s propagated the United States for decades of assimilation and perceiving difference as a threat. The company started by Henry Ford in 1903, The Ford Motor Company, developed a system in which they guaranteed that every one of their employees must earn enough salary that they may buy the products of their labor, in this case, cars. This idea of Fordism quickly evolved into the valuing of mass production and mass consumption. By the mid twentieth century, these

Foolishness And Foolishness In Shakespeares Twelfth Night

As eloquently stated by the prolific author Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard, â€Å"There are two ways to be fooled. One is to believe what isnt true; the other is to refuse to believe what is true.† Shakespeare’s comedy Twelfth Night features many â€Å"fools†, those led by the nose through desire and other means, and those who turned away from the truth. Of all those fools, one stands out from the others—Malvolio, a steward who chases his mistress, Olivia. As a man who flaunts his foolishness through his gullibility and dependency on fabricated truths, Malvolio proves to be the most foolish character, contributing to Shakespeare’s message that foolishness is not simply what meets the eye. At the onset, Malvolio makes one of the most foolish characters due to†¦show more content†¦The most foolish of people manage to be fooled, not only by others, but themselves as well; and Malvolio gets ahead of himself and unwisely chases after impossible ambitions, establishing himself as one of the most foolish characters in the play. Upon receiving Maria’s letter, Malvolio reads closely to what he believes is his mistress’ words of love, and when reading the name of his lady’s loved one, he sees a cryptic series of letters, and instantly questions â€Å"If I could make that/ resemble something in me†, before realizing its similarities to his own name (II.v.123-124). Malvolio reads a series of letters, seemingly standing for the name of Olivia’s target of romantic interest, and he tries to find his own name hidden in the letters immediately. Without thinking it through, Malvolio leaps at an opportunity, instantly seduced by the idea of su ccess in society and living his days out as a count at Olivia’s side, happily wedded. Blinded by ambition and almost desperate for his mistress’ heart, Malvolio makes a fool of himself once again, and unlike other characters, he becomes inconsiderate of his place in society, becoming arrogant at the excuse. By the same token, he is convinced that the letter is true, and that Olivia â€Å"drives [Malvolio] to these habits of her liking†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and Malvolio swears that he â€Å"will be strange, stout,/in yellow stockings, and cross-gartered, even with/the swiftness of putting on† for her (II.v.173-176). By following everyShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1133 Words   |  5 PagesWords and Realities†¨ †¨ The Twelfth Night was a religious festival held during the Elizabethan Era. It also †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨celebrated the concept of the reversal of normal order, where the lower and upper class had the †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨chance to experience each other’s roles in society. It was a day of celebration in which enabled a †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨time of foolishness for each class. This religious festival seem to have influenced Shakespeare’s †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨play, Twelfth Night in relations to the concept of the foolishness celebration of switching theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Twelfth Night 998 Words   |  4 PagesThe introduction of Twelfth Night, written by M.M. Mahood, provides a cultural setting for readers to better understand the play. Although Mahood wrote the introduction for Twelfth Night, the information also allows readers to appreciate the magical freedom that A Midsummer Night’s Dream encompasses. Mahood delves into the cultural significance of Puritanism early in the 17th century through the character of Malvolio. Although Twelfth Night is a comedy, the presence of morally strict PuritanismRead MoreThe Twelfth Night: A Happy Ending? Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagesby the end these will be resolved and the play will have a traditional happy-ending with a marriage or a celebration in the final scene. The â€Å"Twelfth Night† is no exception to this rule. Despite problems of confused identities and sexualities, the play ends with marriage for the major characters because they â€Å"have learned enough about their own foolishness to accept it wisely, and their reward, as it should be, is marriage.†(Schwartz 5140). There is a resolution of harmony to a certain extent andRead MoreAn Exploration of the Contribution of Disguise and Deceit to the Humour of Twelfth Night2469 Words   |  10 PagesAn Exploration of the Contribution of Disguise and Deceit to the Humour of Twelfth Night ‘Twelfth Night’ could be seen as a play with dark and harsh meanings, for example, it could be said that Malvolio’s planned revenge at the end of the play has an uneasy effect on the audience, in a time of general harmony. However I think that although ‘Twelfth Night’ does raise some moral issues, overall it is an enjoyable play. It is a play; designed to be performed in the dark,Read MoreThe Foolishness Of Love Is A Force That Exceeds Our Rational Judgment1440 Words   |  6 PagesViktoryia Hvozdz Professor Bradley Irish English 321 8 October, 2015 The Foolishness of Love Romantic love is a force that exceeds our rational judgment. Out of nowhere, it descends upon us and destroys our previous notions of ourselves, making us act in uncharacteristic ways. We do not choose whom and when to love; and falling in love reminds us of how little control we have over our lives. In spite of this, romantic love is often viewed today as a sure path to ever-lasting happiness. ShakespeareRead More Essay on Twelfth Night: A Gender-Bending Journey1574 Words   |  7 PagesTwelfth Night: A Gender-Bending Journey      Ã‚   Shakespeare enjoyed writing passionate plays about young lovers, but, after a while, the formula became exhausted and the Bard was forced to dig deeper, creatively speaking. Twelfth Night is an example of a Shakespearean love tale with a slight twist to keep things interesting. This play was the â€Å"Tootsie† of its time. Twelfth Night takes the audience on a gender-bending journey, while maintaining all the elements of true love throughout. At one pointRead More Essay on Love and Gender in Twelfth Night1551 Words   |  7 PagesLove and Gender in Twelfth Night      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares Twelfth Night examines patterns of love and courtship through a twisting of gender roles. In Act 3, scene 1, Olivia displays the confusion created for both characters and audience as she takes on the traditionally male role of wooer in an attempt to win the disguised Viola, or Cesario. Olivia praises Cesarios beauty and then addresses him with the belief that his scorn (3.1.134) only reveals his hidden love. However, Olivias mistakenRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1507 Words   |  7 Pages Twelfth Night is a dramatic comedy which revolves around the classic Shakespearean traits of comedy, which are difficult to categorise but generally identifiable in that they often contain dazzling word play, irony, and a greater emphasis on situations than characters. While in many ways the play is a celebration of social upheaval through its characters, the play is very much characteristic to typical conventions seen in Shakespeare’s comedies when it’s identifying features are considered. ByRead MoreWisdom in Twelfth Night Essay2738 Words   |  11 PagesBeyond Seriousness to Wisdom in Twelfth Night      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare seems preoccupied with madness and folly in Twelfth Night. The word fool and its variants (foolery, foolish, and so forth) appear eighty times in the play, and the word folly occurs seven times. There are, in addition, other means of indicating foolishness such as Marias Now, sir, thought is free (1.3.67). As Feste suggests, Foolery ... does walk about the orb like the sun; it shines everywhere (3.1.39-40). Read MoreSocial Amibition is the Stepping Stone to Humilliation in Shakespeares Twefth Night706 Words   |  3 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s romantic comedy of Twelfth Night, Malvolio’s, Sebastian’s and Sir Andrew’s greed for power and status, mirror the theme that being socially ambitious makes people an easy target for mockery and embarrassment. In the play, Malvolio desperately tries to win Olivia’s heart, falling under Maria’s trap. Sebastian proves his shallow and ambiguous self when he agrees to wed a complete stranger for wealth, and Sir Andrew vainly tries to prove his worth and nobleness to his fellow

Assessment for Learning †the Case for Formative Assessment Free Essays

ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING – THE CASE FOR FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT This paper provides findings on assessment for learning, It begins with analysis of the formative approach in exemplary practice carried out in secondary schools in eight education systems. The second half of the paper comprises key analyses on formative assessment in adult language, literacy, and numeracy provision, and a framework for strengthening policy and practice across the sector as well as for building the evidence base. Assessment is vital to the education process. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment for Learning – the Case for Formative Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now In schools, the most visible assessments are summative. Summative assessments are used to measure what students have learnt at the end of a unit, to promote students, to ensure they have met required standards on the way to earning certification for school completion or to enter certain occupations, or as a method for selecting students for entry into further education. Ministries or departments of education may use summative assessments and evaluations as a way to hold publicly funded schools accountable for providing quality education. Increasingly, international summative assessments – such as OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) – have been important for comparing national education systems to developments in other countries. But assessment may also serve a formative function. In classrooms, formative assessment refers to frequent, interactive assessments of student progress and understanding to identify learning needs and adjust teaching appropriately. Teachers using formative assessment approaches and techniques are better prepared to meet diverse students’ needs – through differentiation and adaptation of teaching to raise levels of student achievement and to achieve a greater equity of student outcomes. But there are major barriers to wider practice, including perceived tensions between classroom-based formative assessments, and high visibility summative tests to hold schools accountable for student achievement, and a lack of connection between systemic, school and classroom approaches to assessment and evaluation. The principles of formative assessment may be applied at the school and policy levels, to identify areas for improvement and to promote effective and constructive cultures of evaluation throughout education systems. More consistent use of formative assessment throughout education systems may help stakeholders address the very barriers to its wider practice in classrooms. This overview shows how formative assessment promotes the goals of lifelong learning, including higher levels of student achievement, greater equity of student outcomes, and improved learning to learn skills. The chapter then discusses barriers to wider practice of formative assessment and ways in which those barriers can be addressed, and outlines the study scope and methodology. Meeting goals for lifelong learning Each of the national and regional governments participating in this study promotes formative How to cite Assessment for Learning – the Case for Formative Assessment, Essay examples

Hospitality Analysis of Park Royal Hotel †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Hospitality Analysis of Park Royal Hotel. Answer: Introduction Contemporary business organizations initiate various innovative strategies in order to attract more customers towards their services or products. This is due to the reason that, the current business scenario is more competitive than it was a decade ago. Moreover, with the recent boom in the hospitality and service sectors, strategies to enhance the customer satisfaction are more being implemented by the service providers (Chen 2014). One of the most competitive service sectors is the hotel industry. In the Australian scenario, huge numbers of players are operating in the hotel industry catering to different sets of customers across different price segments. However, there are various opinions being provided by different authors and scholars regarding the probable approach of the hospitality industry. On the other hand, with the change in the business scenario, the core concept of the hospitality industry is also changing along with the change in the perception of the customers (Kandampully, Zhang and Bilgihan 2015). The basic rule being maintained by the contemporary players in the hospitality industry is the providence of the top notch customer service in order to attract new customers and retain the existing ones. This report will discuss about the initiation of the HOME concept by the hoteliers in the recent time along with finding the ways to initiate it. Moreover, this report will recommended various ways for the Park Royal hotel, Australia in utilizing the home concept in their business operation. Company profile Park royal hotels are one of the leading hoteliers in the Asian and Australian regions with having 15 hotels in different locations. They are also known for their effective and positive customer services along with providing holistic experiences for their visitors (Parkroyalhotels.com 2018). However, in the recent time, the popularity of the home concept in the hotel business is encouraging them to find out ways to implement in their own business. However, implementation of the home concept will require determination of different approaches along with identifying different dimensions of the hotel business. Moreover, it is also important to identify the different perspectives of the hospitality in order to find ways for home concept. Home concept As discussed earlier, business organizations in the current service industry is facing the threat of increased competition in the market. Thus, it is important for them to initiate strategies to enhance the customer satisfaction (Prudhomme and Raymond 2013). In the case of the hotel industry, the more customers will feel the vive of their home, the more will be their satisfaction for the particular hotel brand. Previously, the approach of the hotel industry is to provide the accommodation for their visitors. However, in the current business scenario, customers are expecting home like services and feels during the hotel stay. In accordance to that, major hoteliers initiated the concept of the home. With this approach, the primary consideration of them is not only to provide accommodation but also providing added facilities in enhancing the value for their visitors (Durna, Dedeoglu and Balikcioglu 2015). Themarketing and service is being designed in such way that, the customers will have the home like feelings during their hotel stay. In the current business scenario, one of the major portions of the hotel visitors is the working professionals who have to travel in different places. Thus, they feel more comfortable if they are being provided homely feeing during their hotel stay. Thus, in accordance to this market trend and requirement, major hoteliers designed their service offerings to create the homely feelings. Social approach of the hotel industries According to some of the authors, hotel industries can be considered as social approach due to the reason that, hotel industry is being directly related to the hospitality. According to these authors, the basic objective of the hotel industries is to provide accommodation to the travelers, which can be termed as social cause. Moreover, the added facilities being provided by the hotels in enhancing the user experience of the visitors can also be termed as social approach (Benavides-Velasco, Quintana-Garcia and Marchante-Lara 2014). However, this concept of social approach of the hotel industries is also being countered by various critics. According to the various critics, quality of the hospitality is being determined the prices being charged. Major hoteliers charge good sum of money from the visitors and thus, their services cannot be considered as social (Niewiadomski 2014). According to the critics, the key objective of the hotel businesses is to earn and maximize profits rather than just providing accommodation to the visitors. Economical approach of the hotel industry Authors backing the concept that hotel industry is actually concentrating on the maximization of the profits rather than just doing social service are having the opinion that, in order to stay ahead in the competition, it is important for the contemporary hoteliers to initiate the added services for their customers. Thus, the more homely environment can be provided and offered by the hoteliers to their visitors, the more will be the rate of satisfaction of them, which will in turn increase the retention ratio of the customers (Abbott, Mary and Meyer 2016). Thus, it is important for the hoteliers to have both the social and economic considerations in initiating the marketing strategy. This is the key reason behind the initiation of the home concept. Initiation of the home concept will help them to enhance the social approach by providing added services, along with meeting the economic criterion with maximizing the profit. Elements of home concept There are various ways being available for the Park Royal to initiate the home concept. The following sections will discuss about the various available elements. Food The current generation of the global travelers is diverse in nature and is belonging from different social backgrounds. Thus, in accordance to their difference in the social backgrounds the food habit of them is also different in nature (Giritlioglu, Jones and Avcikurt 2014). Offering of diverse cuisines and delicacies to the customers helps to cater to different social segments. This will also lead to the fact that, customers from different social backgrounds will have their ethnic food available. This will enhance their home feeling. Service Customization or personalization is one of the key strategies being implemented by the contemporary service providers in offering services according to the requirement of the individual customer. With the initiation of the personalization, the customer service is being provided according to their culture and social background (Amin et al. 2013). For instance, if Japanese visitors are being welcomed in the authentic Japanese manner with maintaining the Japanese culture in providing the customer service, then the feelings of them will be more positive (Torres and Kline 2013). They will feel like they are in their home. Thus, the customer service should be made flexible enough in order to adapt according to different cultures. Accommodation As discussed earlier, one of the key objectives of the hotel industry is to provide accommodation for their visitors. Thus, the extent of the homely feeling for the visitors is depending on the ambience, amenities and the design of the room (Kim and Perdue 2013). It is important for the hotels to the design the rooms, which will meet all the basic criteria of the visitors. Determination of the basic facilities than the visitors expect from their hotel stay should be met by the hoteliers (Masiero, Heo and Pan 2015). The more effective will be the fulfillment of the basic facilities for the visitors, the more will be the homely feeling for them. Entertaining activities It is one of the prime responsibilities of the hotel industry to engage their visitors to as much as possible during their hotel stay (Wei, Miao and Huang 2013). The more holistic will be the entertainment for the visitors, the less they will feel alone during the hotel stay. The engaged visitors will have homely feelings and will less get bored. Providing entertainment to the visitors also helps to ensure the connectivity between the visitors and the hotels. Interiors and ambience Majority of the services industries is thriving on the interior design and ambience. Minimal features such as the color of the wall are also having influence on the perception of the visitors. Thus, hoteliers should design their interiors in such a way that, it will create homely atmosphere for the visitors (Radovic 2015). In the Australian market, there are various higher end hotels, which are being perceived more as corporate offices rather than hotel. This will reduce the level of satisfaction of the customers. The decoration in the lobby and other public areas in the hotel create the homely environment for the visitors. Recommended steps Thus, from the above discussion, various elements of home concept are being discussed. However, the approach of the implementation of these elements will be different in different hotels. The following sections will discuss about the recommended steps to be followed by the Park Royal in accordance to the social and economic perspective of their business operation. One of the key recommended steps to be implemented is the complementary services. However, the complementary services should not be universal for all the visitors rather it should be provided according to the social background of them. The complementary services should be provided in accordance to the basic facilities expected by the different customers. For instance, customers from the African regions should be provided complementary services in accordance to basic elements of their culture. This will further enhance the homely feeling for the visitors. On the other hand, one of the key factors to be considered during the providence of the complementary facilities is the commercial aspect. The complementary services should be basic in true sense and should not involve much cost for the hotels. In terms of the customer service, free internet should be provided to the customers. In the current state of affairs, internet is one of the basic amenities for the visitors. Moreover, providing of the free internet services will also enhance the customer engagement. Having the internet facility will maintain the connectivity of the visitor with the outer world. Thus, the customer engagement will be more. The Park Royal hotel is having customer loyalty programs for their existing customers. However, it is being recommended that, loyalty program for the customers should be provided in terms of the personalized services. For instance, the loyal customers can be given the complementary service of ethnic dinner for single night. This will create positive impression among the existing customers along with increasing the competitive advantages of them. Relationship marketing is one of the key aspects to be maintained in the service sector. This is due to the reason that, the effective relationship with the customers will determine the level of the satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, the more effective will be the relationship with the customers, the more will be the homely feeling for them. This is due to the reason that, if the customers will have effective relationship with the hoteliers, their requirements will be more efficiently met. This will in turn enhance the homely feeling for the visitors. It is also being recommended for the Park Royal hotel, that they should design their entertainment activities in more diverse manner. For instance, they can have a weekly roster of having different cultural activities from around the world in each day. This will have dual benefits for them. One of the key benefits will be the homely feeling of the visitors whose home culture is being portrayed. Another advantage will be the engagement of the visitors from different cultures. Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that, home concept is one of the most effective and popular strategies being initiated by the hoteliers. It helps them to enhance the homely feeling of the visitors and implement the phenomenon of a home away from home. This report discussed about the various elements of the home concept, which will help the hotels to implement it in their operation. In addition, this report also discussed about the recommended steps that should be implemented by Park Royal hotel in order to implement the home concept in their business operation. Effective implementation of the recommended steps will not only initiate the home concept, but also increase the level of the engagement of the visitors. References Abbott, S., Mary, B. and Meyer, J., 2016. The impact of improved environment in a care home.The Journal of Dementia Care,24(6), pp.23-25. Amin, M., Yahya, Z., Ismayatim, W.F.A., Nasharuddin, S.Z. and Kassim, E., 2013. Service quality dimension and customer satisfaction: An empirical study in the Malaysian hotel industry.Services Marketing Quarterly,34(2), pp.115-125. Benavides-Velasco, C.A., Quintana-Garca, C. and Marchante-Lara, M., 2014. Total quality management, corporate social responsibility and performance in the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,41, pp.77-87. Chen, L.F., 2014. A novel framework for customer-driven service strategies: A case study of a restaurant chain.Tourism Management,41, pp.119-128. Durna, U., Dedeoglu, B.B. and Balikioglu, S., 2015. The role of servicescape and image perceptions of customers on behavioral intentions in the hotel industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(7), pp.1728-1748. Giritlioglu, I., Jones, E. and Avcikurt, C., 2014. Measuring food and beverage service quality in spa hotels: A case study in Bal?kesir, Turkey.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(2), pp.183-204. Kandampully, J., Zhang, T. and Bilgihan, A., 2015. Customer loyalty: a review and future directions with a special focus on the hospitality industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(3), pp.379-414. Kim, D. and Perdue, R.R., 2013. The effects of cognitive, affective, and sensory attributes on hotel choice.International Journal of Hospitality Management,35, pp.246-257. Masiero, L., Heo, C.Y. and Pan, B., 2015. Determining guests willingness to pay for hotel room attributes with a discrete choice model.International Journal of Hospitality Management,49, pp.117-124. Torres, E. and Kline, S., 2013. From customer satisfaction to customer delight: Creating a new standard of service for the hotel industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(5), pp.642-659. Niewiadomski, P., 2014. Towards an economic-geographical approach to the globalisation of the hotel industry.Tourism Geographies,16(1), pp.48-67. Parkroyalhotels.com. (2018).About PARKROYAL - PARKROYAL Hotels Resorts. [online] Available at: https://www.parkroyalhotels.com/en/about.html?r=prsydfilterLocation=prsydfilterProperty=prsyd [Accessed 3 Feb. 2018]. Prudhomme, B. and Raymond, L., 2013. Sustainable development practices in the hospitality industry: An empirical study of their impact on customer satisfaction and intentions.International Journal of Hospitality Management,34, pp.116-126. Radovic, G., 2015. Spatial and technological design principles of mountain resort hotels. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 725, pp. 1063-1071). Trans Tech Publications. Wei, W., Miao, L. and Huang, Z.J., 2013. Customer engagement behaviors and hotel responses.International Journal of Hospitality Management,33, pp.316-330.

The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Essay Example

The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Essay What is shame? Shame is defined as a feeling of guilt, regret, or sadness that you have because you are aware you’ve done something wrong. The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison follows a young girl named Pecola Breedlove and her family. The central theme of Shame plays an important role in The Bluest Eye because shame shows the characters inner struggles with themselves and others, in addition to how it affects them on the outside. The symbol of the blue eyes is an important characteristic tied into the central theme of Shame. In The Bluest Eye, the blue eyes represent the need to see things in a brighter light. Instead of Pecola praying for a lighter skin color, Pecola prays for blue eyes because she believes that if she gets the blue eyes, she will see things in a new way and society will also see her in a whole new way. â€Å"It had occurred to Pecola some time ago that if her eyes, those eyes they held the pictures, and knew the sight,-if those eyes of hers were different that is to say, beautiful, she herself would be different.† (Morrison, 46). In the end, Pecola does get her blue eyes but for a price. Her sanity. â€Å"A lot. Mr. Soaphead said they would last forever. ‘Forever and ever Amen?’† (Morrison, 193). In this quote, Pecola believes that she has blue eyes thanks to Soaphead’s â€Å"sacrifice†. She loses her mind and talks to herself on a daily basis becau se the community (society) doesn’t want anything to do with her. She’s their â€Å"scapegoat† to make themselves feel more beautiful and happy with their lives. This connects to the central theme of Shame because Pecola was ashamed of her ugliness and how the world views her in an ugly life. Because of that, she believed that if she gets her blue eyes people will love her. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Breedloves are characterized as black and ugly. â€Å"They lived there because they were poor and black, and they stayed there because they believe they were ugly. Although their poverty was tradit

Argumentative Essay on Dog Fighting

Argumentative Essay on Dog Fighting Argumentative Essay on Dog Fighting Dog fighting is a sadistic practice that should be banned because of the many inhumane events that this practice entails. This practice entails breeding dogs specifically to make them fight. Such dogs are usually enclosed in small pits very early in their lives and, as they grow, are made to fight with other dogs to satisfy their owner’s gambling appetites. One of the main reasons why dog fighting should be illegal is because of the high level of suffering that these fights put the dog through. Given that the average dog fight lasts anywhere between one and two hours, the dogs that are participating in dog fights often suffer severe injuries that sometimes result in fatalities. Unlike other animals that naturally flee when they sense they cannot win a fight, the dogs that participate in dog fights are trained not to run away but to continue fighting regardless of the amount of injuries they sustain. It is only when the gambling appetites of their owners have been satisfied that the dogs are allowed to stop fighting. One of the most commonly used dogs in dog fights are pit bulls, which have powerful jaws and given that they rarely let go once they bite, the victim dog could end up suffering severe injuries, broken bones, and may even die just so their owner can have a chance of winning a bet. Some of the common injuries experienced by dogs that engage in dog fights include extreme blood loss, dehydration, extreme exhaustion, and even infections in the wounds they sustain. To make things even worse for these dogs, those that lose fights one too many times are often sacrificed for being weak and the same fate follows those dogs that are deemed old or those that do not fight as viciously as their owners expect them to. The injuries suffered by dogs that engage in fights have raised concerns in many authorities and in many places; this form of sadist sport has been classified as an illegal sport. Some individuals have even faced felony charges in courts of law. However, this seems not to have stopped some individuals from continuing to breed dogs so they can reap benefits from dog fighting. Interestingly enough, illegalizing this sport seems to have turned into a fortune for those who own dogs that engage in these fights because of the massive profits they get from those who are willing to pay large amounts of money so they can watch the illegal fights. It appears the authorities still need to do much more to deter people from willingly participating in dog fights. The minor penalties and convictions given to those found to have participated in dog fighting is not doing much to discourage this sport. The profits the dog fighters receive from the fights make the punishment, according to them; seem li ke a drop in the ocean. Perhaps it is time more severe penalties were enforced. Some tips on writing an argumentative essay: Make sure your thesis statement is clearly defined. Use transition words between paragraphs and make sure that your paragraphs are logically connected. Use facts and statistical data to support your arguments. Visit to buy argumentative essay on  Dog Fighting which will be written from scratch by highly qualified writers. You can get a free quote now!

Cultural Literacies Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural Literacies Assignment - Essay Example Montgomery wondered if the ubiquitous and integrated nature of marketing in digital political engagement practices could serve to connate civic identity and brand identity during this key formative stage it is not Internet use per se, but patterns of use featuring the exchange of information that matters. We leave digital footprints that are ever present, highly informative about us as a digital user, and readily available to those seeking the information. As a result, are we entering an era where digital voyeurism becomes highly profitable? How are we to know, for example, the intent of each and every person making use of participatory media? There rightly is a lot of concern over cyber-bullies and cyber-predators. What about those individuals though that collect information about user interaction for commercial purposes? The concern is not big brother in that the government is highly unlikely to keep pace with, let alone move ahead of, ICT companies’ technological advances. He expressed greater concern about a host of digital little brothers. In this instance, what if I as a marketer cast a wide net on MySpace or Facebook by seeking ever wider and wider social networks and then using my access to individuals’ profiles to create a marketing profile of the digital you. Placing this in an offline context, how would you respond if after watching you go to your usual place of exercise 10 or 12 times I came to realize the brand of pants, shirts, socks, shoes and equipment you wore, what perfume or aftershave you liked, and how you did your hair (or not!), I started posting coupons or ads where you exercised? While creepy offline, it is becoming increasingly acceptable online. In one sense, up to this point Internet use has been characterized by anonymity, but it is also suggested that we need to consider our off-line selves as distinct from online or digital selves Besides uploading content, users also willingly and unknowingly provide important infor mation about their profile and behavior to site owners and metadata aggregators. Before users can actually contribute uploads or comments to a site, they usually have to register with their name, email address and sometimes add more personal details such as gender, age, nationality or income. Their subsequent media behavior can be minutely traced by means of data bots. More importantly, all users of UGC sites unwittingly provide information because IP addresses the majority of which can be connected to a user’s name and address – can be mined and used without limit by platform owners. Permission to use metadata towards specific purposes is commonly regulated by a site’s service agreements (Terms of Use), which users are required to sign. Metadata can be mined for various purposes, from targeted advertising to interface optimization, but the bottom line is that users have no power over data distribution. 2) The societal role(s)/depictions of the users of this sit Online networking not only builds social, but also commercial, capacity. Marketers speak of recruiting evangelists by in?uencing members of each social network and turning them into brand breeders or brand advocates for products. Youth are offered incentives to incorporate brands into their user-generated content and

Strategy Formulation for the Long-Term Care Facility Research Paper

Strategy Formulation for the Long-Term Care Facility - Research Paper Example The formulation of strategies needs to be implemented in the association. This is to guarantee that they are executed effectively. The implementation guides the manner in which the organization creates its discussions, actions, and decisions. In the U.S., there have been long-term care facilities that have come up in the past. They are there presently to serve the citizens who might be too old to cater for themselves. Their presence has enabled old people to get cared for even in their old age (Williamson, 2009). This paper will look at one such organization, and its strategic planning in the long term of caring for the old. Veterans Affairs (VA) is a United States government funded project that is present to cater for the needs of veterans. The project was started to ensure that post-war heroes got the attention they needed after serving their time in the military. Its main function is to provide for institutional and non-institutional based care for all veterans. Institutional base d care is the kind that involves taking care of them while in nursing institutions. In the non-institutional based care, veterans are provided for and taken care of in their own homes (United States General Accounting Office, 2003). In a brief overview of their strategic formulation, it is pertinent to note that any organization needs a strong, if not perfect, budget plan to get proper funding. In the VA Organization, the cover they receive from the government needs to be outlined, and accredited. This is in order for them to realise and attain their targets through this funding (Williamson, 2009). The formulation of strategies needs to be realistic in order for them to get the response they require. In the event that the initial cover does not help realise their targets, they can ask for supplementary capital from the committee in charge of their affairs. Their strategic formulation is based on workload performance. Workload projections are what help the organization prepare a suff icient enough budget for its operations. The labour that is used to cater for the needs of veterans needs to be catered for in terms of financial security. The labour they provide enables them to get attention from the government in order to perform their functions effectively. The amount of care provided is crucial in the formulation of these strategies (United States General Accounting Office, 2003). In light of all this, it is vital to note that the growth of the VA is based on labour provided by the care-givers. One strategic formulation they consider is the proactive response they require to their immediate surroundings. The evaluation that is carried out in the organization on the grounds of maintaining the health of veterans is crucial in the running of the organization (Bascetta, 2003). It is keen on spearheading the maintenance, and awareness of good mental, physical, and spiritual health of veterans. The maintenance of healthy surroundings is a way of ensuring that they re ach some of their goals. A goal based on creating a sustainable environment for all veterans present in nursing homes, or private homes. Long-term care services provided by the VA Organization are instructed by management, and the government. This ensures that every veteran gets the required care by the care givers employed by the VA Organization. The workload strategies that the organization has for its operations are very significant. These may help the organization in a number of ways. In one of those ways, the organization can cater to everyone at the VA society. Some of the alternatives it has in place are also aimed at ensuring the growth of the organizati

Microeconomics- price discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microeconomics- price discrimination - Essay Example According to microeconomics, companies usually charge higher prices to those consumers who have a higher consumer surplus or those who are willing to pay higher. Higher consumer surplus lubricate the process of increase in price and consumer with higher surplus do not resist to price hike. Similarly, by doing this Eskom would have increased its revenue as those consumers who are more likely to pay higher prices are being charged more. The reason why this surplus is higher for residential consumers than industrial consumers could be illustrated from our own experience. As residential consumers we have less cash assets than industrial consumer who are bestowed with large cash balance. Hence, we find it more attractive to pay the increased price rather than changing the electricity supplier and paying connection charges as it would undertake both connection costs and time. Whereas, on the other hand industrial consumer would resist to price change bestowed with large money balance and i n bid to remain competitive. (McConnell and Brue, 2001) Although, the policy of price discrimination might reduce the demand of electricity but in doing so the firm will make sure that consumer who are paying more is provided more electricity to earn higher revenue. For example, if a same product is sold to different consumers at different prices, then the company would make sure that consumers who are paying more are provided with commodity in order to maximize the company’s revenue. In our case residential consumers are those who are paying more and hence will be provided more power supply. (Economist, 2008) Therefore, any price increase to industrial consumer would mean a customer is lost due to low consumer surplus for these users. This is a reason why Eskom charges higher prices to residential consumers than industrial consumer. Similarly, logic provides us with answer why Eskom does not charge both

The Autonomic Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System The Autonomic Nervous System is a widespread system of nerves that innervates, with the exception of skeletal muscle, nearly every process in the body. This Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a completely unconscious process which is responsible for maintaining homeostasis, as well as having many other functions such as control of digestion. The Autonomic Nervous System was first discovered, and studied by Walter Gaskell (Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick and Hall, 2001) who had his work on the ANS first published in 1916, two years after his death. He discovered that certain physiological effects, such as an increase in heart-rate, could be achieved by stimulating certain nerves branching off from the first few thoracic spinal cord segments. Using this, and other similar studies, he then theorized that each system in the body was innervated with two sets of nerves that had opposing functions (Purves, Augustine et al., 2001). These two sets of nerves we now know to be the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic branches of the Autonomic Nervous System; though recently a third branch has been separated from the others and called the Enteric Nervous System, which is found solely in the gut and the supporting features such as the Pancreas (Barker and Barasi, 1999). Although the ANS plays an unconscious process, it can sometimes be over-ridden by conscious thought; one example of this is in breathing, although breathing happens automatically without any need for purposeful thought, it is possible to take control of your breathing, such as holding your breath, or exhaling forcefully (to inflate a balloon for example). As the Autonomic Nervous System is such an important part of the nervous system, studying it and knowing how it works, and how it is controlled, is also very important; in this essay I am going to talk about the three different branches of the Autonomic Nervous System and their functions and differences, and then explain how they are regulated in the brain. The Sympathetic Nervous System When we are faced with what our bodies consider to be a threat we have to be prepared to, either stand and face the danger (fight), or get ourselves out the situation as quickly as possible (flight); this is the job of the Sympathetic Nervous System. These Fight or Flight responses are designed to give us as much of a physical advantage as possible, such as: making sure enough oxygen is reaching our muscles as possible by increasing heart-rate and dilating blood vessels, saving energy by slowing down lesser-needed processes such as digestion, dilating our pupils so we take in as much light as possible thus improving our vision, and makes our hairs stand on end so we look as big and ferocious as possible; all of these would have given us an edge over any predators we faced. The main nerve-trunks of the Sympathetic Nervous System leave the Central Nervous System from the Thoracic and Lumbar segments of the spinal cord, this is also known as the thoraco-lumbar outflow (Bakewell,1995). The cell bodies of the Sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurones are found in the lateral horn of the spinal cord between segments T1 and L2. Some of these pre-ganglionic fibres of the Sympathetic Nervous System synapse with the post-ganglionic fibres in a long chain, known as the Sympathetic Chain, that runs the length of the spinal cord, although some have a separate ganglion outside this sympathetic chain; from the ganglion, the post-ganglionic neurones then synapse with their target-organ. Post-ganglionic Sympathetic neurones have a very extensive network of dendrites that are innervated by many pre-ganglionic neurones; but there are roughly 10 times as many post-ganglionic sympathetic neurones than pre-ganglionic neurones, this divergence is thought to aid with coordination o f activity between neurones projecting from different segments of the spinal cord (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessell, 2000). The Parasympathetic Nervous System The Parasympathetic Nervous System works in opposition to the Sympathetic Nervous System and therefore gives rise to Rest and Digest responses, which act to rebuild the energy stores that were depleted in the previous period of Sympathetic activity. These responses include: slowing down the heart-rate, stimulating digestion, and constricting the pupils. The cell bodies of Parasympathetic Pre-ganglionic neurones are found mostly in the brainstem, with some in the sacral segments of the spinal cord. In the brainstem, these cell bodies are found in the EdingerWestphal nucleus in the midbrain, which is related to the Oculomotor nerve, the Superior and Inferior Salivary nuclei found in the Pons, and related to the Facial nerve and Glossopharyngeal nerve, and in the Dorsal motor Nucleus of the Vagus nerve, in the medulla and the Nucleus Ambiguus. Because of the location of the cell-bodies of the Parasympathetic Nervous System, the it can also be called the Cranio-Sacral outflow (Bakewell, 1995). There are a few contrasts between the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic, apart from their opposing actions; the first and most obvious of these is that, in the sympathetic nervous system, all the preganglionic neurones are very short, most making synapses in a chain that runs very close to the spinal cord, meaning they have much longer post-synaptic neurones (as the pathway is disynaptic), whereas in the parasympathetic nervous system, the pre-ganglionic neurones are much longer and almost reach their target organ before making a synapse with a post-ganglionic neurone. This is an important difference as pre-ganglionic neurones are myelinated and therefore conduct action potentials a lot faster than the unmyelinated post-ganglionic neurones, suggesting the the parasympathetic nervous system works slightly quicker than the sympathetic (Kandel et al. 2000). Another difference is that there is a lot of divergence in the Sympathetic Nervous System, as previously discussed , whereas in the Parasympathetic Nervous System there is a lot less, with the ratio of Pre-Ganglionic Neurones to Postganglionic Neurones being 1:3, although this is highly dependant on the tissue as in some it is nearly a 1:1 ratio. Thirdly, both Pre-Gnaglionic and post-Ganglionic neurones in the Parasympathetic Nervous System use Acetyl Choline (ACh) as their Neurotransmitter, whereas Post-ganglionic neurones in the Sympathetic Nervous System use Noradrenaline; this is important as it has lots of clinical applications for drugs that target specifically the Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Nervous System. The Enteric Nervous System The Enteric Nervous System is a unique branch of the Autonomic Nervous System that is found lining the sides of the digestive system, specifically the oesophagus, stomach, intestines and secretory glands such as the pancreas (Bear, Connors, and Paradiso, 2007). The Enteric Nervous System is responsible for the control of the tension of the walls of the gut and monitoring the ever-chaning chemical balance within the digestive system, these are highly important functions in digestion. The special property of the Enteric Nervous System is that it can act reasonably independently from the rest of the Central Nervous System, leading to it sometimes being referred to as The Little Brain. The cell bodies of the Enteric Nervous System are connected together in two major structures known as plexuses; these are the myenteric plexus and the submucous plexus, these plexuses line the walls of the gut in two separate layers and control peristalsis, internal mucous levels and every other important aspect of the digestive system, including a role in secretion from the pancreas and gall bladder. Though the Enteric Nervous System is a separate function of the Autonomic Nervous System that deals almost solely with the digestive process, it contains as many neurones as the entire spinal cord does, meaning it has a very. Unlike the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic branches of the Autonomic Nervous System which are limited to either 1 or 2 Neurotransmitters, the Enteric Nervous System has been shown to have as many as 20 possible Neurotransmitters, though they have yet to all be proven to act as Neurotransmitters in this system (Gershon, Kirchgessner and Wade, 1994). The Enteric Nervous System has also been shown to play a role in Immune Responses (Hansen, 2003). Higher Control of the Autonomic Nervous System As the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System work, for the most part, in opposition to each other, there must be some higher control coordinating them to work in harmony, and the first step of this is in the Nucleus of the Solitary tract (Kandel et al. 2000); here, the nucleus receives afferent input from the Facial, Glossopharyngeal and Vagal nerve, and firstly sends this information to both the brainstem and the spinal cord, where basic functions of the Autonomic Nervous System are carried out, but more cleverly, the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract also takes in other information and combines it, the Nuclei of the Solitary tract also project to the Periaqueductal grey, which also receives information from the hypothalamus, the periaqueductal grey takes all this information and then projects to the Reticular Formation of the Medulla, where it controls the co-ordination between behavioural activity and the autonomic nervous system, and example of this is that when doing heavy exercise (behavioural), its important your heart-rate increase so your muscles can get a greater oxygen supply from the blood (autonomic). Another important control of the Autonomic Nervous System is in homeostasis, there needs to be cooperation between the baroreceptors or chemoreceptors for example, and the most useful branch of the autonomic nervous system, so hair can stand on end on cold days to preserve heat, for example; this is the job of the hypothalamus (Kandel et al. 2000) as the hypothalamus receives input from pretty much every sensory pathway in the body; a dated study from Swanson and Sawchenko (1983) proved that the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus had descending pathways to the Autonomic Nervous System. As well as direct control over the Autonomic Nervous System, the Hypothalamus also has an indirect influence over it through the use of relays in other parts of the brain (Squire, Berg, Bloom, du Lac, Ghosh and Spitzer, 2008). In conclusion, the Autonomic Nervous System is a diverse and widespread system that innervates nearly every aspect of the body, meaning that a threatening stimulus can elicit a whole range of responses throughout the body, from increasing heart rate to diverting blood from the gut and widening blood vessels, this means that the whole body is very quickly and efficiently prepared to face the danger, and then the entire body can quickly calm down again to replenish resources; and not only this, but because of its connections with the hypothalamus and other higher centres, the Autonomic Nervous System isnt limited to reacting to physical changes, such as body temperature, but it can react to even mental stimuli such as emotions or the anticipation of something. This is important in evolutionary terms, there is little point in reacting to a danger once it has already causes damage so the heightened physical performance needs to come in anticipation of a danger, so that when the danger p resents itself, the fight or flight response is at its strongest. As this is such an important process in the body, many studies have been carried out into it, and continue to be carried out, and much work is being done on diseases of the Autonomic Nervous System, as, obviously, they have such a dramatic effect on the sufferer. References Bakewell, S., (1995) The Autonomic Nervous System. Practical Procedures 5(5) Barker, R., A. and Barasi, S. (1999) Neuroscience at a Glance, Blackwell Publishing Bear, M. F., Connor B. W. and Paradiso, M. A. (2007) Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, Lippincott Williams Wilkins: a Wolters Kluwer business Gershon M. D., Kirchgessner A.L. and Wade P.R., (1994) Functional anatomy of the enteric nervous system, Springer Berlin Heidelberg Hansen, M. B., (2003) The Enteric Nervous System II : Gastrointestinal functions. Pharmacology Toxicology, 92(6) 249-257 Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H. and Jessell, T. M., (2000) Principles of Neural Science, McGraw-Hill Medical Purves, D., Augustine, G. J., Fitzpatrick, D. and Hall, W. C., (2008) Neuroscience 4th Edition, Sinauer Raj K. Goyal, M.D., and Ikuo Hirano, M.D., (1996) Mechanisms of disease: the enteric nervous system. The New England Journal of Medicine, 334(17) 1106-1115 Squire, L.R., Berg, D., Bloom, F.E., Du Lac, S., Ghosh, A. and Spitzer, N.C., (2008) Fundamental Neuroscience 3rd Edition, Elsevier Swanson, L. W. and Sawchenko, P.E, (1983) Hypothalamic integration: organisation of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Ann. Rev. Neuroscience 6 269-324

Why Businesses Exist :: Business and Management Studies

Why Businesses Exist A business gets started when somebody decide that they can earn a profit by making a good or providing a service and selling it to people who are willing to pay for it. All Businesses have the same Main Objective An objective is anything that the business wants to achieve. The most important objective is to make a profit in order to survive. If a business does not make a profit it will go bankrupt and have to closedown. The Public Sector Owned by the Government: Army, Police, Schools and Hospitals. These are benefits for everyone. The Private Sector Owned by Private Individuals. Of Benefit to the people who own them. Key Terms Entrepreneurship: means being prepared to take risks and having the flair and skills needed to set up and run a business or other organization. Sole Owner: is an individual who runs a business and is personally responsible for any losses incurred. A Limited Company: is an organisation, which gives its owners or shareholders protection so that they can lose only the money that they have already put in. Innovation: is the introduction of the new ideas. It may affect products or the way in which they are made. Developing Relationships: is Architecture with customers, employees & businesses. Businesses, which look carefully at the way it works with customers, employees, and other businesses are more likely to be successful. Reputation: A reputation of a company can be achieved through developing a particular image:  · Low Prices  · Appealing to the affluent  · Ensuring top quality Competitive Advantage: Is a distinctive feature that makes a business successful. A business must carefully identify the people who will buy the product to gain an competitive advantage over others. A Market: Is any location or process that brings buyers and sellers together. Price: is the amount of money that is given in exchange for a product. Goods: are anything you buy which are natural or manufactured for a products. Services: involve buying the skills o another person. Profit: is the difference between the price and the cost of making a product available. Reward Revenue – Cost = Profit Profit is the difference between a firm’s revenues from its trading activities and its total costs. It is a reward for the risk and a return on capital invested. There are 3 factors of production:  · Land  · Capital  · Labour Entrepreneurs use these 3 factors to make a profit. Sole Traders Company Legal ----- No legal formalities. A legal structure with a separate identity from those who run it.

Historical and political relation of anthropology with human rights Essay

From the onset, it is necessary to define anthropology as the social science that is involved with studying the inherent relationship patterns and origins of human beings. As a juxtaposition, the concept of human rights refers to the intrinsic freedoms and rights to which all and sundry (human beings) are entitled, if only by virtue of belonging to the human race, and these are broadly categorized into two main classifications, including the socio-cultural and economic rights, which pertain to the rights to education, food, work and participate in culture. The other distinct grouping of rights and freedoms are those of civil and political nature, encompassing the ideology of people being equal before the law, the right to liberty and life, and also, the freedom to freely express oneself, provided that this does not interfere with that of other people. It is noteworthy that the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights – a non-binding declaration by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 – reiterates the equality of all humans as relates to their rights and dignity, further acknowledging that each individual was equipped with the vital tools of a rational conscience and logical reasoning, and thus, all subsequent inter-personal relationships ought to reflect a communal spirit of brotherly co-existence. This cognition is widely viewed as being the framework for justice, peace and freedom in the globe today (Goodale, 2004:18-29). From a historical perspective, the anthropologist is more concerned with deciphering the linkage between the afore-mentioned rights and the prevailing localized cultures, from whence an understanding of the basic outline of social justice against a backdrop of cultural relativism is investigated. The general concession is that indeed, deliberation into the historical aspects of anthropology reveals a contribution to both the practical and theoretical facets of human rights workings. Select case studies closely related to this postulation include the current crisis in the Middle East, pitting the Israelis against the inhabitants of the Gaza strip, the Rwandan genocide (Bowman, 2000:31-49) and the topical issue of gay rights in Southern Africa. The former predicament entails Israel devastating, over the recent past, a population of some 1. million inhabitants in Gaza, with their arms tied behind their backs, owing to the fact that there is no active army in Gaza. Statistics reveal that close to 1300 Palestinian casualties are on record, as opposed to a measly 13 Israelis in the raging conflict, largely regarded as a modern day case of ‘ethnic cleansing’. Since the year 2006, Israel placed a blockade into the Gaza region, thus inhibiting the delivery of necessities such as medicine, food and fuel. Previous attempts to foster harmony and well-being in the region, with cease-fires being disrespected severally, have led up to the present situation in which the stakeholders in the conflict, chief amongst which is the Hamas, the Islamic Palestinian socio-political faction that has been in control of the Gaza strip, and Israel itself, have agreed to permanently seek a lasting solution to avoid more bloodshed. The possible recommendations to aid in arriving at a peaceful co-existence is scenario where Israel takes the front row in ensuring a sense of hope to the Palestinians, via the action of taking the political risk and dismantling the illegal West Bank Settlements. On their part, Palestinians should institute measures to ensure they elect purposive leaders into power, if only to militate against the eventuality of history repeating itself iteratively. Hamas should in turn cease firing missiles into Israel, which only serve to wound and kill majority of the innocent civilians, and the large scale smuggling of arms, so as to avoid the likelihood of the situation degenerating into another â€Å"United States versus Al Qaeda† affair. Also, the other stakeholders in the conflict, namely Jordan and Egypt, should seal all loopholes that enable the military exploits of the Hamas to fall through. This being said, the International community should actively ensure they do not turn a deaf ear to the conflict, to be spearheaded by the United Nations and the European Union. The latter, in detail, involved South Africa holding its second, fully democratic elections in the year 1999, which were characterized by the recognition of a wide array of groups and previously neglected factions of the population, such as the gay and lesbian community. Earlier on, the country made history by pioneering non-discrimination on the basis of an individual’s sexual orientation, with gay and lesbian activists championing their cause by widely challenging the very constitutionality of laws that infringed on their freedoms, organizing workshops to educate voters on their rights, plus lobbying for the drafting and resultant implementation of rules and legislations guaranteeing equity in the rights of all citizens (Goodale, 2004:43-54). They also went a step further and created working relationships with non-governmental organizations like the Human Rights Commission and the Commission on Gender Equality, in addition to forming outreach programmes for the members of the gay and lesbian community, especially those that lived in townships. Of particular note is the fact that sodomy has been decriminalized before the South African courts, thus recording another victory in the war for adequate recognition of this community. Of significance is the assertion that, these developments were achieved even with the realization that the South African populace was still divided along ethnic and racial boundaries (Riches, 1986:16-29), and more importantly, within the indigenous cultural groupings in the country, homosexuality is deemed non-existent, or on the best case scenario, a foreign acquisition. Thus, in a nutshell, this case study can be assessed from the view that it not only shapes social patterns, but also, it is instrumental in the democratization of regimes, as influenced by the civil society. Yet another occurrence was witnessed in an iconic court case in Japan (2008), involving the challenging of the historical definition of whom the concept of â€Å"human rights† is meant to apply. The immediate bone of contention was that the court of the day had proceeded to expand the rights of the children of Japanese fathers and non-Japanese mothers to claim Japanese citizenship, and thus by extension, such definition by the justices in the case served to only ensure the protection of the fundamental human rights of Japanese citizens, excluding those of other non-citizens. In this way, this can be said to expressly alienate those people who did not have papers certifying their Japanese citizenship. However, this ought not to be the case, as the rights in question should be guaranteed to every human being, as the very name suggests. In a publication by one Professor Jones regarding this case, he posits that there is a sorry state of affairs in Japan, citing that the tendency of the Sovereign state to mediate the citizens’ claims against each other should be sharply contrasted against the Anglo-American system, which is characterized by human rights being the limiting factor of the state’s power over individuals. In this way, the case is illustrative of how culture and history can affect and/or influence human rights in society (Kurtz, 2001: 43-52). Whilst still appreciating the historical contribution of anthropology to human rights, it is worthwhile to take mention of the concept of hegemony, defined as the utter domination of a state over its allies, and how this has over time influenced historical changes, especially on the cultural frontier. As a focal point, hegemony facilitates the comprehension of power within the confines of routine daily activities, as may be underpinned by cultural (customary) practices (Asad, 1991:13-27). On a more positive note, it is fit to state that the anthropological theory has over the years succeeded to come up with a contested, unbounded and widely flexible supposition of the term, which consequently goes a long way in uncovering the cultural understandings and how these in turn shape power relations, naturalizing domination and acting to suppress different manifestations of resistance in the society (Gledhill, 2000:29-44). Again, drawing from the South African example, although in a different context, it can be established that, quite ironically, the evangelical work of missionaries can be termed as being part of hegemony, although it heightened societal consciousness, going on to spark a form of resistance that gave rise to the awareness of the black community, fuelling the fight against apartheid. Of particular contention is the debate whether, as an interpretive issue, resistance in society should require consciousness and be collective in nature, or whether on the other hand, an end of attaining justice should be envisioned from the onset. Also, it is disputable whether the concept at hand should be extended to incorporate such actions as may be influenced by a sense of non-cooperation or discontent. In the recent past, there has been great agitation in the anthropological circles, wherein the concept of culture has been scrutinized in detail. Earlier anthropologists focused chiefly on societies that were virtually unaffected by factors such as colonial influences, for example, but there’s light at the end of the tunnel since, today, greater emphasis is being laid on flexibility of the frame of thought of culture, as afore-mentioned, now not only being affiliated to habits and daily practices of a people, but also, being engrained in the values they abide to and the ideas subscribed to. In other instances, there have been historical documentations of indigenous communities confronting resistance from the perspective of laying claim to various resources, more so when these individuals are challenged to prove an authentic affiliation to the culture under consideration (Rejali, 1994:49-60); disqualification usually results from the assertion that certain social groups have already undergone cultural changes. In a strange twist, it can be seen that the concept of ‘culture’, as formulated by twentieth century anthropologists in a bid to champion the rights of small-scale communities in the wake of colonialism and other civilizing projects, has in present times been apposite to differing political ends of resisting reform in certain sectors and turning a deaf ear to the claims of indigenous people’s claims to reparation (compensation). On a transitional note, the political inclination of anthropology to human rights can be deduced by critical analysis of the two disciplines (Cohen, 1978:34-57). Such relationship necessitates a vivid conception of the said human rights within a template of anthropologically conceived ideas or principles. A brief intermission here is the appreciation that, as an academic discipline, anthropology seeks to study the various forms and bases of human unity and relative diversity, while the other side of this coin practically applies the acquired knowledge to actively solve problems that may plague the human race (Gledhill, 2000:59-83). This being the situation, politically-oriented anthropologists should concern themselves with instances where the denial of certain rights is pegged on the differences in one human aspect or the other. The validity of using ‘human difference’ as an indicator of human rights is that it incorporates the very specificity of what we as humans – be it collectively or from an individual stance – have evolved to be, both culturally and socially. It is worth noting that the term ‘difference’, as applied in this context, refers to the linguistic, socio-cultural and/or biological characteristics of people, relative to the initial human capacities that facilitated their production in the first place. On the flipside, as may relate to human rights, these ‘differences’ may principally represent the products of the realization of social relations, personal identities and cultural forms (Goodale, 2004:98-110). The general implication of the above argumentation is that specific human rights may be advocated for by calling upon the trans-cultural, but positive, right to difference. This analogy can be stretched further still by acknowledging the unwritten law that anthropologists who study and research instances of societal injustices and assorted cases of human rights abuses do, in the actual sense, bear an ethical obligation to find lasting solutions to these predicaments. In particular, those working with marginal and/or indigenous communities shoulder the responsibility of supporting these groups by all means available, including advocacy as mentioned above (Fried, 1967:61-69).

Food habits and globalization Essay

Traditions has been changed since the western food had reached to the GCC, according to Topics-mag.com (2007) â€Å"Many people feel fast food plays a big role in changing the traditional diets of cultures worldwide†. The obesity is a global problem, that it impacted by the bad influence from the globalization. After this, the health became one of the most important issues, because changing habits can destroy the health, also it destroys the traditions, because children nowadays will not be able to eat and have the same healthy food that their parents had. In fact, Food in the UAE has negatively impacted by globalization. The first issue is health, years ago or maybe more our parents had accustomed to eat certain type of food, and by changing it this fast it would be dangerous. Globalization effected many countries by spreading the different types of food restaurants. America as an example spread many junk food restaurants in the UAE, like Macdonald’s, KFC, and pizza hut. Children and adults nowadays eat too many junk food, because its faster, and easy to find. Our parents used to eat healthy food and their bodies does not include junk food, by changing patterns in this generation health has been effected. Obesity and chronic diseases is caused by the changing diet pattern (Neuhouser, Thomson, Coronado, & Solomon, 2004). It seems like the junk food is spreading in the GCC very fast, and the demand of the fast food increased. The reason why health was effected is the new food pattern and if we looked at what this food included we would be surprised. Most of the junk food includes vegetables, meet, and sauces, if we looked gently to the ingredients we will find many of genetically modified organism. This GMO is harmful for the health, because it’s not natural (Emanuelle Landais, 2007). According to sid candid, the fast food can be done fast and taste better but in spite of this advantages â€Å"they are low on the nutritional elements and hardly provide any benefits to the body.† Junk food is full of oil and the person can get fats easily.

thermohaline circulation essays

thermohaline circulation essays What is the oceans role in climate? The oceans play a vital and pivotal role in the distribution of life sustaining water throughout our planet. 86% of the evaporation that occurs on earth is over the oceans. The oceans are the planets largest reservoir of water transferring huge amounts of water around the hydrological cycle. In fact the oceans dominate the hydrological cycle, for they contain 97% of the global water inventory . The hydrological cycle can be disrupted by changes in ocean circulation that play such an important role on evaporation and precipitation. When the ocean circulation system changes it can change how much heat and rainfall is distributed around the world. Changes on a global scale can ultimately lead to flooding and long term drought in various regions. The big questions are can we monitor the oceans circulation and watch for climate changes? Can we predict what might happen if the ocean circulation changed dramatically? We have experienced major climate cha nges in the past; can we look for evidence of ocean change during these periods? The global ocean circulation system is called the thermohaline circulation. Often called the conveyor belt courtesy of Wallace Broecker who in an article for Natural History in 1987 had an artist draw a simplified version of the thermohaline circulation and called it the conveyor belt. Wallace Broecker is the Newberry Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University. He has taught at Columbia since 1959, and his research interests include paleoclimatology, ocean chemistry, isotope dating and environmental science. He conducts much of his research in Columbia University's Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory. Broecker has received many awards for his scientific work, including Arthur L. Day Medal from the Geological Society of America (1984), the Alexander Agassiz Medal from the National Academy of Sciences (1986), the Wollaston Medal f...

This I believe essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

This I believe - Essay Example Back then, I was really big, not in terms of height but of width. I am really not so sure how I got that way and when people ask me, I just tell them in jest, that some people are born to be â€Å"more spectacular† than others. During that period, all my friends referred to me as â€Å"big†. Sometimes, to avoid hurting me, they will also add the phrase â€Å"laugh and grow fat†. This is the closest I can translate the term from Chinese, which actually means that fat people usually have a beautiful heart deep inside. But seriously, even if they tried to soften the blow, I felt they still poked at my weakest spot. So finally, I decided to do some change. I told myself when I looked into the mirror that I can no longer live like this. So, I secretly began a program for myself to slim down. It was probably the first semester of my junior high school when the semester began, that I launched my personal project. I decided to keep it to myself as I started my plan with the most simple and effective way which was dieting. I don’t know how I made up my mind but I was able to skip my breakfast and lunch everyday in the next year. However, the only thing I regret about skipping meals was disappoi nting my mother who lovingly prepared them for me. Every morning she woke up very early to prepare breakfast for me and my dad and carefully packed them into a meal box for us to take out. But when I opened the box smell the food, I either threw it directly to the trash or give it to my friend to eat. There were actually several times when I felt I wanted to quit, and that I cannot do it anymore. But every day when I looked into the mirror at my reflection and stepped on the weighing scale, I get motivated with the changes I see. This kept me on track. I told myself to keep trying†¦to keep walking while watching. Six months after my plan started, I found my face thinner and my belt looser and of course, the numbers on the scale

College Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

College Writing - Essay Example Further, college students have come out as lacking in the skills of determining which information is relevant, how to obtain it and then how to evaluate the information critically before using it in their writing (Perelman, 130). The major controversy therefore is whether college students are actually lacking in the skills of utilizing sources of information effectively, or the college grading systems have forced the students to misuse the information sources. Nevertheless, whether through summarizing or paraphrasing, college students are not generally lacking in skills of information internalization and subsequent application in their work. Rather, the grading systems of the testing organizations are forcing the students to misuse or misapply the sources. Most contemporary argument regarding the best ways in which college students should complete their academic work and papers hold that summary is the most effective method of students obtaining information from sources. This argument holds that summary enabled students to obtain information from a source in a critical manner, and then incorporate it in their own work, since summary â€Å"compel the writer to understand the source† (Howard, Serviss and Rodrigue, 177). On the other hand, it is argued that paraphrasing is the most suitable method of the college students using information obtained from their sources, owing to the fact that information is most effective as a paraphrase, when it has been written in students’ own words (Perelman, 131). However, the problem may not even rest in which method students should apply in utilizing sources of information and incorporating them in their work. The major issue is what could be the reason behind the students using their s ources in the way the use them. The grading criteria approved and applied by the College Board requires that a

Krafts food UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Krafts food UK - Essay Example The results indicated very strong positive correlation between flexible workplace practices and direct impact on employee performance criteria such as quantitative work output (r = +0.96), qualitative work output (r = +0.90), team working (r = +0.93) and recruitment and retention (r = +0.78). The results also indicated a very strong positive correlation between flexible workplace practices and indirect impact on employee performance criteria such as job satisfaction (r= +0.85) and organisational commitment (r = +0.87), except on stress which showed a weak positive correlation(r = +0.19). The results also indicated that majority of respondents felt that flexible work practices contributed positively towards quantity and quality of their output, increased loyalty towards the organisation and improved job satisfaction. Contents Abstract iv Contents v Table of Figures vii List of Tables vii Photo Credit vii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Research Significance 2 1.2.1 Rese arch Question 3 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 3 1.3.1 Primary Objective 3 1.3.2 Secondary Objectives 3 1.4 Research Methodology 4 1.5 Arrangement of Chapters 5 Chapter 2: Literature Review 6 2.1. Workplace Flexibility 6 2.2 employee performance 8 2.2.1 Why measuring employee performance is important for flexible working 8 2.2.2 Measurement and evaluation of flexible work arrangements 8 2.3 Link between workplace flexibility and employee performance 9 2.4 Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses 11 2.4.1 Testing of Hypotheses 12 Chapter 3: Research Methodology 15 3.1 Introduction 15 3.1.1 Research Context 15 3.2 Research Design 16 3.2.1 Theoretical vs. empirical 17 3.2.2 Nomothetic vs. ideographic 17 3.2.3 Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal study 18 3.3 Research Method 18 3.3.1 Qualitative study 18 3.3.2 Quantitative study 19 3.4 Population and Sampling 21 3.4.1 Sample 21 3.4.2 Variables 22 3.5 Data Collection 22 3.5.1 Instrument for employee survey 22 3.5.2 Scaling 23 3.5.3 Ethical Issu es in Collection of Data 24 3.5.4 Data Analysis Technique 24 3.6 Practical Problems faced and Limitations 24 3.6.1 Practical problems faced 24 3.6.2 Limitations 24 3.6.3 Reliability and Validity 25 Chapter 4: Analysis, Findings & Discussion 27 4.1 Analysis 27 4.1.1 Demography 27 4.2.2 Flexible work arrangement 29 4.2.3 Employee performance 30 4.2.4 Testing of Hypotheses 33 4.2 Findings 36 4.2.1 Major findings 36 4.2.2 Other findings 37 4.3 Discussion 38 Chapter 5: Conclusions & Recommendations 39 5.1 Conclusions 39 5.1.1 Limitations of this study 40 5.2 Recommendations 41 References 42 Appendix 1: Employee Perception Survey 49 Employee Survey Questionnaire 50 1. Demography 50 2. Flexible Work Arrangement 50 Appendix 2: Employee Survey Report 57 1. Demography 57 2. Flexible work arrangement 57 3.Direct Impact on Performance 58 4. Indirect impact on performance 62 Table of Figures Figure 1: Types of workplace flexibility 7 Figure 2: Research design for primary study established for th e study 21 Figure 3: Demography of employee survey 28 Figure 4: The terms of flexible work arrangements 29 Figure 5: GPA Score of performance measurement variables 31 Figure 6: Summary of correlation between flexible work practices and consequent impact on employee performance. 35 List of Tables Table 1: Comparison between reliability and validity issues 26 Table 2: Example of calculation of GPA scores for employee performa

A Perspective on the Influence of College Clubs Essay Example for Free

A Perspective on the Influence of College Clubs Essay College clubs have been a part of university life since the very first fraternities and sororities were created. If the student so chooses, he or she can make college an experience to remember by joining a club. They range from things like journalism and math to sports such as soccer or lacrosse. People who join these clubs tend to have a background in the topic or at the very least, an interest in learning about it. There is a club for everything you can think of, and if there isn’t, it is not that hard to start one. Clubs in college, although similar to those in high school, are quite different in the types of people and the variety of cultures brought together by the sheer size and caliber of a college. The importance and benefits of college clubs cannot be numbered, not just for the students but also for the community. Though there are myriad benefits to joining a college club, some have brought up possible problems with joining or being able to join clubs. Academically speaking, college clubs have interfered with a student’s productivity, particularly in the areas of homework and studying. This leads into the economic issues with college clubs; students sometimes have trouble being able to pay fees to join clubs that they would like to join and therefore can be deprived of the experience simply because of financial issues. Finally the social perspective: some sociologists have been led to the conclusion that college clubs have, in several cases, caused social problems for students because of the connections people unknowingly make between a club name or topic and a preconceived notion about what it may concern. These arguments, while valid, do not outweigh the benefits derived from joining clubs. Joining a club during your freshman year of college is a great way to meet people who have similar interests. Finding friends in college can be difficult. College clubs can help change that because they bring together people from different cultures and backgrounds and create a common ground where they can discuss their ideas about a certain topic in a safe environment without having to worry about being ridiculed. College clubs are a way for people to establish their own socioeconomic status, or SES, within the campus and dictate their values. Depending on the clubs available, people join the ones that will most suit them and create a reputation just by the clubs they join. The various options come with various consequences and outcomes during and after college. Marybeth Walpole, an Assistant Professor at Rowan University, has discovered that the clubs one joins have been proven to shape the way one progresses through college, and, in some cases, completely alter the way one views the world after college. John Foubert and Lauren Grainger explored the psychological development of students in their freshman year and those in their senior year and the differences between the two. They found that students who get involved during their freshman year show more development over the course of the four year period and are more likely to continue to join clubs and find ways to involve themselves on campus. Clubs have a very influential and positive impact on both the students that participate in them and the campus, or community, where they take place. Research on college clubs has been tested and revealed several interesting facts about the correlation between academic performance and being part of a club. In general, taking part in a club has little to no effect on doing well academically in school. This generalization, taken from the statistical analysis of a collection of survey responses conducted by Myrnell L. Martin, a graduate of Missouri West, is applied with the knowledge that most clubs are non-academic and instead support extra-curricular activity. Many believe that clubs can interfere with homework and study time in a student’s life. This can be true if the student is unorganized and is unable to manage a schedule. With this in mind, a club can therefore act as a tool to help the student manage time more wisely. For most college students, participation in a club allows the student to have a basis on which he or she can create a schedule and arrange their daily lives. Homework and studying should not take a backseat to clubs but certainly does not have to as long as the students takes into account the amount of work that must be done both for the club and outside of the club. This concept, of successful time management, learned by the student because of joining a club in college, can then be applied outside of college in the working world. Joining a club can quite possibly cost a lot, depending, of course, on the club. Clubs whose fees are higher generally have smaller group and a much more developed program. Most clubs only require a few dollars out of pocket, perhaps twenty-five dollars at most, at the very beginning for small purchases here and there. Those clubs that don’t require any fees are usually the most populated and will have a greater chance of bringing people from very diverse backgrounds together. Although clubs may charge fees, many clubs will have payment options or even sponsorships from various third parties. This is truly beneficial for students who are stretched to the limit financially, especially at expensive universities. Paying for club participation is usually a sign of quality, and leads to an enriched environment in which the student can take more away from the experience. When clubs charge a fee, it means they have either activities planned for the club or possibly some food and paraphernalia throughout the year. While having to pay for a club does not sound like the most exciting thing in the world for college students, it will most likely to lead to a more rewarding experience and more enjoyment from that club. College clubs have their place on campus, and are often widely recognized as important contributors to the campus as a whole. In special cases, clubs have developed into organizations that play a major part in the goings-on on campus. These include student governing organizations and the like which have developed because students take an interest in government and ruling ideals which help these students later on in life because they learn about the democratic process in a hands-on environment, as well as leadership skills that can be applied across the board. Clubs have a history of improving campus life and involving students in societal projects to better the community. Edward Hartshorne conducted research in this field and discovered that college is the ideal place for continuous club organizations and their universal impact on the campus. He reasons that each student’s impact spans for an approximate seven year â€Å"generation,† where there are the three years ahead of the student as a freshman and then the three years behind the student as a senior. This provides for a perpetuation of ideas through normal contact which results in a link that can span for as long as the club or organization decides to continue. This continuation of clubs and ideas transforms into a sort of â€Å"college culture†, described by Hartshorne as the upholding of certain social â€Å"norms†, which were established long before each generation arrived and will continue to endure after that generation departs. I, myself, am currently involved in Cal Poly Club Lacrosse as well as Formula SAE, and feel I am better for it. It allows me to escape from the academic side of college and do physical exercise in a manner that suits me. I love playing lacrosse and though I find it hard to make the time commitment I have always been able to push myself to make time in my schedule for everything I need to get done. Club lacrosse helps me to organize myself because it creates a time pressure situation where I must manage my time wisely and complete the homework necessary before I plan time for myself. Although I have had less time to do the things I want to do, such as hang out with friends, I still am able to do these activities, just in moderation. However, I accomplish more because I strive to do better so that I don’t have to stress out over the small things. Lacrosse has also been an outlet for me to find new friends on campus which I can rely on because I know that lacrosse is important for them as well. Formula SAE allows me to utilize what I’ve learned in school and apply it to real life situations by designing a racecar to compete against other schools. I have learned a lot from both the club experience and the other members of the club. This club also allows me to spend time with other engineers who are interested in cars. Clubs have definitely made a difference in my life at Cal Poly and I’m that they can do the same for all college freshmen.